⚡ Quick Revision — Mining, Minerals & Infrastructure

🗺️ Chapter Map

graph LR
    A[Mining & Infra] --> B[Mining & MMDR]
    A --> C[Critical Minerals]
    A --> D[Energy]
    A --> E[Transport & Logistics]
    B --> B1[Major vs Minor]
    B --> B2[MMDR Amendments]
    B --> B3[DMF & NMET]
    C --> C1[30 Critical Minerals]
    C --> C2[REE & REPM]
    D --> D1[Energy Mix]
    D --> D2[Solar & Wind]
    D --> D3[Nuclear - SHANTI Act]
    E --> E1[Roads]
    E --> E2[Railways]
    E --> E3[Aviation]
    E --> E4[Ports]

⛏️ Mining — Constitutional Framework

graph TD
    E54["Entry 54 — Union List<br>Regulation of mines (as declared by Parliament)"] --> MMDR[MMDR Act 1957]
    E23["Entry 23 — State List<br>Subject to Entry 54"] --> STATE[State regulates<br>within Parliament's limits]
    MMDR --> MAJ[Major Minerals<br>Central Govt rules]
    MMDR --> MIN[Minor Minerals<br>State Govt rules]
    MMDR --> ATOMIC[Atomic Minerals<br>Atomic Energy Act]

Major vs Minor Minerals

	Major	Minor
Definition	Everything NOT declared minor	Defined under S.3(e) MMDR
Examples	Coal, Iron, Gold, REEs	Sand, gravel, brick earth, marble
Lease grant	State govt (with Centre approval)	State govt
Royalty	Central govt fixes	State govt fixes
Rule making	Central govt	State govt
Critical minerals	Central govt exclusively	N/A

MMDR Amendments — Timeline

Year	Key Change
2015	Mandatory e-auction (replaced first-come-first-serve). DMF + NMET created.
2021	Removed end-use restrictions on captive mines. 50% surplus sale allowed.
2023	24 critical minerals (Part D). Centre gets exclusive auction power. Exploration Licence (EL).
2025	NMET → NMEDT (expanded scope). Mineral Exchanges. 50% cap removed (unrestricted surplus sale).

DMF (District Mineral Foundation)

Statutory body in every mining district
Funded by: Lessees pay up to 30% of royalty (post-2015) / up to 10% (pre-2015)
Utilisation: PMKKKY (Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana)

💎 Critical Minerals


Total	30 identified (Nov 2022)
In MMDR	24 in Part D, Schedule I
Remaining 6	Atomic minerals (Atomic Energy Act)
India's challenge	100% import dependent on Li, Co, Ni, REEs
China dominance	60-90% processing capacity for 20+ minerals
NCMM	National Critical Minerals Mission (Jan 2025)

Key Mineral → Application Map

Li, Co, Ni, Graphite → EV Batteries
Nd, Dy (REEs) → Wind Turbines
Si, Te, In, Ga → Solar Panels
Ti, V → Defence
Si, Ga, Ge → Semiconductors

Rare Earth Elements (REEs)

17 elements — abundant in crust but mineable concentrations rare
China = 85% of world supply
REPM Scheme (Nov 2025) — Nd, Pr, Sm magnets for EVs, wind, defence
Rare Earth Corridors (Budget 2026) — 4 states: Odisha, Kerala, AP, TN

⚡ Mineral Rankings — Rapid Fire

Mineral	Reserves #1	Producer #1	India States
Coal	US	China > India	JH, CH, OD, WB
Iron Ore	Australia	—	Odisha, JH, CH, KN
Steel	—	China > India	—
Aluminium (Bauxite)	Guinea	—	Odisha, AP, JH
Copper	Chile	—	RJ (43%), MP, JH
Gold	Australia	China	KN, JH, AP
Uranium	Australia	Kazakhstan	—
Thorium	India (25% world)	—	—
Lithium	Chile	—	J&K (Reasi)

🔋 Energy Mix (520 GW)

pie title India's Installed Capacity (520 GW)
    "Coal" : 217
    "Solar" : 132
    "Hydro" : 55
    "Wind" : 54
    "Gas" : 20
    "Bio" : 11
    "Nuclear" : 8

Metric	Value
Total capacity	520 GW
Fossil fuel	48% (250 GW)
Non-fossil	52%
Ownership	Private 55% > Centre 23% > State 22%

Solar & Wind

	Solar	Wind
Global rank	3rd (China > US > India)	4th (China > US > Germany > India)
Highest potential	RJ > J&K > GJ	GJ > TN > RJ
Highest installed	RJ > GJ > KN	GJ > TN > KN
Largest park	Bhadla (Jodhpur, RJ)	Muppandal (Kanyakumari, TN)

☢️ SHANTI Act 2025

graph TD
    OLD["Repeals:<br>Atomic Energy Act 1962<br>+ CLNDA 2010"] --> NEW[SHANTI Act 2025<br>Single comprehensive statute]
    NEW --> PVT["Private sector CAN now<br>build/own/operate nuclear plants"]
    NEW --> FDI_N["FDI cap: 49%"]
    NEW --> FOR["Foreign companies: Only through<br>Indian JVs (no direct operation)"]
    NEW --> AERB["AERB → Statutory body<br>(was non-statutory since 1983)"]
    NEW --> LIA["Supplier liability REMOVED<br>(key change for US/French vendors)"]
    NEW --> GOVT["Reserved for Centre:<br>Enrichment, Reprocessing,<br>Heavy water, National security"]

Reactor Size	Liability Cap
<150 MW	₹100 cr
>3.6 GW	₹3,000 cr

🚗 Transport & Logistics

Roads

NRSB (National Road Safety Board) — mandated by MV Amendment Act 2019 (not yet constituted)
Golden Quadrilateral: Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata
N-S: Srinagar ↔ Kanyakumari | E-W: Porbandar ↔ Silchar

Railways

Key	Detail
National Rail Plan 2030	Freight share: 29% → 45%. 100% electrification. Net-zero by 2030.
DFC	EDFC: Ludhiana–Dankuni (1,337 km). WDFC: JNPT–Dadri (1,506 km).
Kavach	Indigenous ATP system

Aviation

Body	Function
DGCA	Safety, licensing, airworthiness. Statutory.
AAI	Develops/manages airports. Statutory.
AERA	Tariffs at major airports
AAIB	Accident investigation. Decodes black box.
ICAO	UN agency. Chicago Convention 1944. Manages CORSIA.

Black Box: FDR (25 hrs flight data) + CVR (2 hrs cockpit audio)

Ports

12 major ports (13th upcoming: Vadhavan, MH)
Vizhinjam — India's first deep-water container transshipment port
Indian Ports Act 2025 replaces 1908 Act. State Maritime Boards = statutory.
Maritime trade: 95% by volume, 68% by value

Logistics

Index	By	India Rank
LPI	World Bank (biennial)	#54 (2014) → #38 (2023)
LEADS	DPIIT	4 pillars: Infra, Services, Regulatory, Sustainable

Last-Minute Recall Strip: Mining: Entry 54 (Union) + 23 (State) | MMDR 1957 | E-auction 2015 | DMF 30% royalty | Critical minerals 30 (24 in MMDR) | India 100% import Li/Co/Ni/REE | China 85% REE supply | REE Corridors 4 states | Energy 520 GW | Non-fossil 52% | Solar #3 | Wind #4 | Bhadla largest solar | SHANTI 2025 | Private nuclear ✅ | FDI 49% | AERB statutory | Supplier liability removed | Thorium reserves #1 India | 12 major ports + Vadhavan 13th | LPI #38 | DFC: EDFC + WDFC | CORSIA (ICAO)