⚡ Quick Revision — Agriculture

🗺️ Chapter Map

graph LR
    A[Agriculture<br>GDP: 16% | Jobs: 45%] --> B[Inputs]
    A --> C[Crops]
    A --> D[Post-Production]
    B --> B1[Seeds & Varieties]
    B --> B2[Water & Irrigation]
    B --> B3[Fertiliser]
    B --> B4[Insurance & Tech]
    C --> C1[Cereals]
    C --> C2[Cash Crops]
    C --> C3[Horticulture]
    C --> C4[Fisheries & AH]
    D --> D1[MSP & Procurement]
    D --> D2[Storage]
    D --> D3[Exports]

📊 Key Numbers

Metric	Value
Agri GDP share	16%
Agri Employment	45%
MSP crops	22 (14K + 6R + 2 Commercial) + FRP for sugarcane
MSP formula	≥ 1.5 × (A2+FL)
Urea import	20%
DAP import	60%
MOP import	100%
N:P:K ratio (2023)	11:4:1 (deteriorating)
PM FBY premium	Kharif 2%, Rabi 1.5%, Horticulture 5%
Rice #1 producer	India (overtook China Jan 2026)

🌱 Seeds & Plant Varieties

graph TD
    S[Seeds Act 1966] --> SRR[Seed Replacement Rate]
    SRR --> SP[Self-Pollinated: 25-33%]
    SRR --> HYB[Hybrids: 100%<br>Cannot reuse]
    S --> PPV[PPVFR Act 2001<br>Sui generis for TRIPS]
    PPV --> BR[Breeders: 15 yrs exclusive rights]
    PPV --> RR[Researchers: Free to use for breeding]
    PPV --> FR[Farmers: Save/use/exchange<br>Can NOT sell under brand name]
    PPV --> AUTH[PPVFR Authority<br>Statutory<br>Min of Agriculture]
    AUTH --> NR[National Register]
    AUTH --> NGF[National Gene Fund]

UPOV (1961, Geneva) — India is NOT a member
Landraces = traditional varieties by farmers, genetically diverse

💧 Water & Irrigation

Scheme	Key
PMKSY	2015
AIBP	Complete long-pending irrigation projects
HKKP	4 sub-components: CAD&WM, SMI, RR, Groundwater
WDC	Soil + water conservation, rainwater harvesting
PDMC	Now under RKVY (shifted from PMKSY). Min of Agriculture.
M-CADWM	Underground piped irrigation, SCADA + IoT. Sub-scheme of PMKSY 2025-26.

🧪 Fertiliser

graph LR
    F[Fertiliser Subsidy] --> U[Urea: Statutory price control<br>Govt fixes MRP<br>Subsidy = Market - MRP]
    F --> NBS[NBS: Fixed subsidy per kg nutrient<br>MRP set by manufacturer<br>Urea EXCLUDED from NBS]

Input	Import Dependence
Urea (N)	20%
DAP (P)	60%
MOP (K)	100%

Soil Health Card → now under RKVY | 12 parameters | Every 2 years
PM PRANAM → Incentive to reduce fertiliser subsidy

🌾 Crops — Rapid Fire

Cereals & Pulses

Crop	#1 Producer	#1 Exporter	India States
Rice	India	India (30% global)	UP > TL > WB
Wheat	China	Russia	UP > MP > PB
Pulses	India	Canada (#1 exporter)	MP > MH > RJ

Cash Crops

Crop	Key Fact
Sugar	Brazil > India (producers). Board: Min of CA&FD.
Cotton	India = #1 producer. US = #1 exporter. 210 frost-free days. GJ > MH > TL.
Tea	China > India (producers). Tea Board: Min of Commerce.
Coffee	KN = 70% of India's output. Coffee Board: Min of Commerce.
Jute	India > BD (producers). BD > India (exporters). Jute Act 1987: 100% foodgrains + 20% sugar in jute bags. Board: Min of Textiles.
Rubber	Kerala = 90%. Board: Min of Commerce.
Silk	China > India. Mulberry = 90%. Muga = only in Assam. Board: Min of Textiles.
Tobacco	China > India. Native to S. America. Board: Min of Commerce.
Spices	India = #1 producer, consumer, exporter. SPICED Scheme. Board: Min of Commerce.

Special Crops

Crop	Key
Makhana	Bihar = 90% of India. GI: Mithila Makhana (2022). Makhana Board in Bihar.
Turmeric	India = #1 producer & exporter. National Turmeric Board: Nizamabad, TL.
Vegetable Oils	Largest agri import bill. India = #1 palm oil importer. Indonesia = #1 exporter.
Opium	India = only legal opium gum producer. CBN licenses. NDPS Act 1985.

🛡️ Insurance & Technology

Scheme	Key
PM FBY	2016. Voluntary since 2020. Central Sector. Min of Agriculture.
WINDS	Weather stations for PMFBY — real-time data for crop loss assessment.
Digital Agri Mission	2024. 3 components: AgriStack (Kisan ki Pehchaan — 3 registries), Krishi-DSS (GIS + remote sensing), Soil Profile Mapping (1:10,000 scale).

🏪 MSP & Procurement

graph LR
    CACP[CACP Recommends] --> CCEA[CCEA Approves]
    CCEA --> MSP["MSP ≥ 1.5 × (A2+FL)"]
    MSP --> FCI[FCI Procures<br>FCI Act 1964<br>Min of CA&FD]
    FCI --> PDS[PDS Distribution]


22 crops	14 Kharif + 6 Rabi + 2 Commercial (Jute, Copra)
Announced	Twice/year (before Kharif + Rabi sowing)
A2+FL	A2: input cost + rent

📦 Storage

Body	Key
WDRA	Statutory (WDR Act 2007). Min of Consumer Affairs. Regulates warehouses + eNWR.
eNWR	Electronic Negotiable Warehouse Receipt. Farmer deposits → gets eNWR → pledges to bank → avoids distress sale.
CWC	Navratna CPSE. 700+ warehouses. 400+ commodities. Bhandaran 360 = real-time monitoring.

📤 Agri Exports

Body	Key
APEDA	Statutory (APEDA Act 1985). Min of Commerce. BHARATI initiative: $50 bn agri exports by 2030.
MPEDA	Statutory (MPEDA Act 1972). Min of Commerce. Shaphari certification for aquaculture.

🌾 Recent Schemes

Scheme	Key
PM Dhan Dhanya Krishi Yojana	Budget 2025-26. 100 low-performing districts. 1.7 cr farmers. Consolidates 36 existing schemes across 11 Ministries. ₹24,000 cr/year.
Mission Atmanirbharta Pulses	Focus: Tur, Urad, Masoor. 100% MSP procurement by NAFED/NCCF. +35 lakh ha target.
AIF	2020. Loan target doubled to ₹2 lakh crore. Post-harvest infra.

Last-Minute Recall Strip: Agri GDP 16% | Jobs 45% | MSP 22 crops | MSP ≥ 1.5×(A2+FL) | Rice #1 India | Pulses #1 exporter Canada | Cotton #1 India | Tea/Coffee/Spices Min of Commerce | Jute/Silk Min of Textiles | Urea 20% | DAP 60% | MOP 100% | N:P:K 11:4:1 | PMFBY voluntary | AgriStack 3 registries | WDRA statutory | eNWR | FCI 1964 | PM Dhan Dhanya 100 districts | Veg Oils = largest agri import | India NOT in UPOV | PPVFR 2001 | Makhana Bihar 90% | Opium gum only India